the dakhma system, construction, and ecological wisdom
The Dakhma, commonly known as the Tower of Silence, is almost as important as a fire temple in Zoroastrian tradition. When Zoroastrians settle in a new place, a Dakhma is built and consecrated as soon as possible.
The purpose of the Tower of Silence is to dispose of the dead in accordance with Zoroastrian beliefs about purity and ecological responsibility. It reflects the community's commitment to not polluting the sacred elements of fire, water, earth, and air.
The practice of exposing corpses to scavenging birds dates back to at least the 5th century BCE, as recorded by Herodotus, and possibly earlier. It represents one of the oldest continuous funeral customs still practiced today.
The foundation is dug about 8 feet deep to ensure stability and isolation. The Tāno purvāni kriyā is then performed, which involves:
The ratio of the overall structure to the central bhandar is typically 3:1, ensuring proper balance and functionality.
The consecration of a Dakhma is a four-day process:
Traditionally, the first body laid in a new Dakhma should be that of a child or a pious individual, establishing the sacred nature of the space.
A Tower of Silence is a raised, circular structure with specific internal divisions:
Bodies are arranged according to these divisions, with the head toward the center and the feet pointing outward. The circular design symbolizes the cyclical nature of existence and the return of all elements to their source.
After exposure, the flesh is consumed by vultures, often within half an hour if the vulture population is healthy. This process is considered a final act of charity (giving one's body to nourish other creatures) and ensures rapid return of bodily elements to nature.
After defleshing, bones are left to dry and bleach in the sun, considered a purification process by the power of the sun (Khorshed). Skeletal remains are then either placed in an ossuary or in a central well, where they eventually disintegrate into powder.
Dokhmenashini is the process of exposing the corpse in a ritually prepared Dakhma to the sun and birds of prey. This system is based on four fundamental principles:
These principles ensure the most ecological and spiritual method for Zoroastrians to dispose of their dead. The system ensures:
The Sagdi is a building at Doongerwadi (the complex housing the Towers of Silence) that contains an unconsecrated Dadgah fire. After funerals:
Since the Sagdi fire is not a consecrated fire, it cannot be desecrated by the presence of mourners who have been in contact with the deceased. This makes it accessible for prayer and contemplation after funeral ceremonies.
The Dakhma system reflects Zoroastrian reverence for nature and ecological responsibility:
This ancient practice demonstrates remarkable ecological wisdom that resonates with modern environmental ethics. By ensuring that human remains contribute to the sustenance of other creatures and return rapidly to the elements, Zoroastrians practice a form of ecological funeral that minimizes environmental impact.